Brand awareness, recall or recognition

Discuss which form of brand awareness, recall or recognition, is likely to be involved with purchase decisions for brands in a number of categories, and why. Coca Cola Coca Cola has a strong brand awareness. The first thing everyone in the world will probably recognize are the colors red and white, these are the colors Coca Cola uses in their logo from the beginning.Related to these colors is the Coca Cola font that hasn't changed a lot over the years, it always had the same style and size. Coca Cola also sponsors a lot of sports, charities and events; people like to be seen with a product that does such things as it makes them feel right or cool! Coca Cola stand for sustainability this attracts people who are focusing on environmental awareness. These days being environmental friendly is very important also to people that are not very aware of these subjects will see that it's a good thing to recycle.The Coca Cola commercials are very famous for their Jingles, tunes and creativity. These commercials are broadcasted so many times the Coca Cola tunes will be remembered by consumers which will most likely result in a purchase. Since people recognize Coca Cola pretty easy, they know It's an A brand product. Apple One of the strong characteristics from Apple Is their design; It's always smooth, fancy and one of a kind. Besides It's a catch for the eye It's also useful for very diverse In aspects in the CIT and design world.The Apple logo Is placed on every product In every technology line, this makes the products recognizable for consumers. A lot of Apple products are shown In TV shows and movies all around the world. This makes the product more desirable for consumers as they see their ‘heroes' using these rodents. Apple Is the number one brand In the world this means most of the people In the world know this product as popular, people want to be popular as Apple Is the popular brand they will buy It!Apple has an entire family of products, you can synchroniz e all these products so you will have all your Information at every time. If you made a video on your phone and watch It on your TV you simply synchronize your Apple TV to your Phone, there Is no need to buy any other products. Every Apple product has It's charisma and Is known for It reliability and easy usage. Consumers Like easy to handle products and Apple has proven Itself so many times In this field. It's easy and won't let you down! Recognize Coca Cola pretty easy, they know it's an A brand product.One of the strong characteristics from Apple is their design; it's always smooth, fancy and one of a kind. Besides it's a catch for the eye it's also useful for very diverse in aspects in the CIT and design world. The Apple logo is placed on every product in Apple products are shown in TV shows and movies all around the world. This makes products. Apple is the number one brand in the world this means most of the people in the world know this product as popular, people want to be po pular as Apple is the popular brand they will buy it!Apple has an entire family of products, you can synchronize all these products so you will have all your information at every time. If you made a video on your phone and watch it on your TV you simply synchronize your Apple TV to your phone, there is no need to buy any other products. Every Apple product has it's charisma and is known for it reliability and easy usage. Consumers like easy to handle products and Apple has proven itself so many times in this field. It's easy and won't let you down!

How has environment influenced who I have become? Essay

How has environment influenced who I have become? According to Merriem-Webster, environment is â€Å"the circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surrounded.† Many people believe that our environment is not in danger. With advance of technology, certain thinks that we are not in worry of natural resources renew, recycling and exploitation of new energy. There are also many people who believe that one person’s effort is insignificant in global environment change. Colin Beavan is one of several pro-environmental who contribute to provide awareness in how environment is in danger. As the person I have become, environment has affected my everyday life. â€Å"I didn’t just want to have no carbon impact, I wanted to have no environmental impact†, Beavan said. (P.14) This environmentalist has struggled about ways to get the environment clean. As Colin Beavan im against carbon pollution that kill our trees, creates global warming etc. as long as human continues to pollute the environment with carbons from vehicles, airplanes, spill of toxic waste, humanity will get more troubles with the raise of divers illnesses, the lack of vegetation, the growth of desertification especially where I came from. Environmental impact comes from the non-respect of the nature. For example chemicals products use is the major concerned fact. Where I came, the government doesn’t have the economic power to face this, so, everybody does whatever they want without paying attention to the environment. According to Beavan, â€Å"I have to be an experiment in putting the habit first and seeing how that affects us.† (P.16) Beavan, which is the author of â€Å"No Impact Man† try to give the right behavior if wants to be a no impact man. For that him and his family were the first experiment for their project. It influences me too much because everything people want do in life, they have to be the first who will endure that. At the beginning, he stopped driving a car because of car pollution, and then he eliminated the plastic bags, controlled his trashes and eat only natural food. I think if we both start a least by trying to do the same, environment will be much better than it is  right now. â€Å"I blew my nose on a dead tree†, Beaven critiqued. (P.20) Have chosen to be a â€Å"No Impact Man† has it part of recriminations. He as all of us realized that in today’s world it is so difficult to go against our past habits but it is possible. So Beavan did. For example, when we try to make the environment better and accidentally make pollution by any manners, we recriminate ourselves and try to give up, but if we have real objectives to change the environment we could. Environment is not just one person’s conduct, but it could be one person’s conduct to changes others behavior. In conclusion, Colin Beavan is one of impressive people who give the right way to help protecting environment. He put himself as experiment in danger in order to guide people’s conscience. With â€Å"No Impact Man†, I found inspiration to protect in my way the environment. Since that, I try to eat natural food, living with the minimum necessary and try to get my environment clean and healthy.

Week 4 LT Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 4 LT Assignment - Essay Example This paper, first; intends to recommend criteria to cultivate training, which would convey to multiple audiences in the organization. Secondly; provide techniques that group and the team would use to facilitate the victory of the training. Lastly; propose tactics that the team and the group would utilize to minimize and identify conflicts. Training method would involve each manager with the respective staff at the Desert Communications Inc. Managers are people who oversee their daily staff operations. In the company’s training, the managers would be the first individuals to receive training. Through training, they will acquire the new organizational policies upon which they can train staff. The managers of every group will direct and lead meetings continuously to present operation change at Desert Communications Inc. The company shall structure a training program in accordance to the company’s strategy and objectives. The strategy would be aiming at high profits that should improve productivity. The multiple audiences would be required to respond to some questions. Who are the potential customers? Why do they buy from the company? Who are the competitors and how do they provide services in the market? What can be their competitive advantages? What weaknesses and strengths do this company has? Wha t social trends have emerged and would be affecting the firm? The company shall develop on-the-job training that entails techniques like; role playing and simulation, assistantship and internships, job rotation, and programmed learning. On-the-job training is where learning can be enhanced while performing regular tasks. In simulation and role playing, there would be an attempt to provide realistic decision making the condition before the trainee (Yukl, 2010, p. 34). Employees at Desert Communications shall present problems with alternative solutions for discussion. Assistantships and internships would

IFRS 3 and IAS 17 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

IFRS 3 and IAS 17 - Coursework Example Major issues of the business combination are analyzed hereunder in order to determine the style, character, and extent with which those have been dealt with by IFRS3. The process of accounting and reporting of the business combination is stated with absolute clarity under IFRS 3 particularly after its revision in January 2008. IFRS 3 categorically states that only purchase method shall be applied for accounting and reporting for acquisitions. The standard has in a simple fashion established four following stages for applying the purchase method to regulate the acquisitions: This standard is not applicable to joint ventures, acquisition of asset or group of assets, and combinations of entities under common control that are not transitory, an involvement of two or more mutual entities, and formation of a reporting entity for combining entities or businesses without ownership interests. In other words, only those combinations are attracted under this standard that involves a transfer of controlling interests with the acquirer. Acquirer gets these controlling powers in the number of ways as under That is why IFRS 3 makes it compulsory to identify an acquirer. Acquirer as per IAS 27 is the one who has control over the financial and operating policies of the acquired entity, and these powers can be obtained in the following ways, among others: A revised version of IFRS 3 has eliminated whatever ambiguity was there in the original version. IFRS 3 describes the fair value of an asset or a liability as the amount that is exchangeable at arm’s length transaction between parties having complete knowledge of that asset or liability. Hence the cost of acquisition is the fair value of net assets assumed (that is the fair value of identified assets including intangible assets reduced by identified liabilities including contingent liabilities) and equity instruments issued by the acquirer in exchange of control of acquiree plus the cost directly attributable to the acquisition.  

How does organizing affect suffering populations Essay

How does organizing affect suffering populations - Essay Example The power of numbers is now made obvious, although this knowledge emerged after many exercised examples were given. While there are many groups upon which the power of numbers has been a ticket to relief the three groups presented here are African American slaves, native Americans and women. The institute of slavery was a shame to say the least. Millions were killed and beaten. People starved and went naked in the deep winter’s frost. Slaves were afforded no rights and often lived their whole lives without the slightest taste of luxury. Even though they witnessed the causal lifestyles of their masters, most slaves dared not even dream of having such provisions for themselves. However, slavery was born to die. Being unjust, it could not stand for eternity. Once the slaves learned of their power, the power of their unity against the oppressor, they found the courage to stand up for themselves and fight. Of course there were the brave few who did stand up by revolting and running away, but their position in the overall freedom of all is as sparks to a forest fire. Tales of success spread throughout the slave population and they dared lift up their heads. It was when more came to believe that they came to organize themselves and wield a great dent into the mountain of their bondage. Gathered together they strengthened each other and were given the courage to fight. Fredrick Douglas had been a slave, yet he railed his people together and encouraged them. He said, â€Å"I talked to them of our want of manhood, if we submitted to our enslavement without at least one noble effort to be free† (Douglass, 1845; p.70). Such was a message that no slave had heard before. They were empowered. Yet, it was not until after such gatherings that Douglass and many other slaves were afforded their freedom. Native Americans also had their struggles. The very land in which they has built their civilizations was snatched from up under their feet. At one point they had to return to being nomads, being constantly pushed around by the ever growing new world. At the beginning of America’s establishment, Native Americans were given neither rest nor respect. They were considered heathens by the self-proclaimed righteous white men that had themselves departed from a country where they were not completely free. It took the Native Americans’ joining of forces to come to be recognized. Even today their groups are advocates for return of the land that was stolen from them. While they have not succeeded in taking over the territories that they once owned, they have received recognition from the government and were granted various benefits. Another group that found strength in numbers is women. Women have been suppressed throughout history and still there are differences made between sexes in regard to promotion, pay, and in many other areas. Women were the property of their husbands, many of them treated as slaves. The man of the house was the abs olute master. Women were not allowed to be educated or hold jobs. They could not vote or hold office. It took a revolution for women’s rights to be granted. The stories of women burning their bras in the streets are commonly known today. However, if it had been only one woman burning her bra she would have probably been labeled as one suffering from a mental illness

Performing Purchasing Agent Duties Research Paper

Performing Purchasing Agent Duties - Research Paper Example lso essential to know if the client has offered the same order to any other purchasing agent, as in such case, the chances of conflicts concerning the need of the client and the purpose of the contract might arise. As the order is of considerably huge value and quantity, it is also important to know if the delivery made in proportion shall be convenient for the client, which shall also minimize risks of damages, warehousing costs or chances of deadline failure. Insuring the property will also be an issue of concern in this contract. This request for proposal is intended to obtain your quotation in respect to our need for computer equipments and software. With this offer, the company shall put substantial significance to quality standards at the industry level with attractive benefits, looking for long-term association with the successful bidder(s). As the time of delivery is limited, the company, through this request for proposal, intends to obtain quotations from bidders with a capacity of serving at least 100 units within a notice of a month. Waters, Inc., an established customer service fulfillment business, has been dealing with clients who outsource to the Indian markets. Recently, Waters Inc. has signed a contract with a major client with an order of 250 computer equipments and software. The contract will take effect within nine months. Hence, Waters Inc. would like to procure the entire order within due time so that the quality of the products delivered can be tested and the supply procedure can be smoothened. The desired bidders must have relevant experience in producing and arranging different computer equipment parts. In lieu of the offer, Waters Inc. would also like to request for information on warranty and price quoted for the products. The products however should be authentic and any forgery to the same shall lead to the cancellation of the proposal. Correspondingly, a detailed description of the order has been presented as below. Waters Inc. will

Non-Profit Organization and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Non-Profit Organization and Management - Essay Example At-risk youth have lost the sense of opportunity and possibility awaiting them in adulthood due to destructive attitudes and habits, as well as repeated academic failure and, to accomplish their objectives, the youth should be nurtured and mentored in an inclusive, caring environment, which promotes personal respect. Future Hope is a programme borne as a direct response to increased numbers of youth involved in the youth justice system and school disturbances. Thus, the programme’s goal is to identify young people turbulently transitioning into being adults. The goal, despite having several focus areas, is the same and this is to empower youth to positively alter their livelihoods. Primarily focused on secondary and primary school students, Future Hope projects that 50% of the students in the system are set to join secondary school within 3 years. Because of the especially problematic nature of this age-group, mentoring at this time would be perfect timing and most effective. This paper will seek to make a business case for starting a youth mentoring program called Future Hope, aimed at youth in primary and secondary school. Taking part in youth organizations benefits the youth, as well as the community they live in. Apart from providing young people with a forum to effectively and fully deal with important issues, including education and violence, such youth organizations also benefits the youth by allowing them to be part of a group that helps them develop interpersonal and personal skills (Milton, 2011: p39). In addition, it also helps young people to gain self-esteem and self-confidence, reduce the risk that they will take part in unsafe activities like drug abuse, develop job skills, attain opportunities for leadership, avoid negative per pressure, and to develop a strong support network.

Literature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature - Research Paper Example † For many African-Americans, America is their home, their mistress, and yet it is also a place of slavery and pain. Garvey-esque escapes to Africa or Jamaica were the province of some, but for most others, the hope was that the promise of America would, like a check marked â€Å"Insufficient Funds†, ultimately be paid them. America was both a land of freedom and a source of oppression and segregation; a land of prosperity and opportunity, and the source of their dreadful poverty; a place of great knowledge, and also of great ignorance. Thematic elements such as Blake's tiger and the bread, a Biblical reference, ground the theme in classical Black cultural traditions such as usage of the imagery of the Bible both to represent the oppressors and liberation from the oppressors (Levine, 1978). Indeed, there is an understanding in McKay's poem that the very sources of oppression could themselves provide the seeds of liberation, the very ideologies that presently kept the Neg ro down being able to be deployed to make clear the necessity for and justice of their liberation. â€Å"Her vigor flows like tides into my blood, /Giving me strength erect against her hate†. The same entity hurting him also gives him vital strength and inspiration, providing a philosophy of freedom, equality, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. McKay makes clear that he does not hate America, despite its oppression. â€Å"Her bigness sweeps my being like a flood. / Yet as a rebel fronts a king in state, /I stand within her walls with not a shred / Of terror, malice, not a word of jeer†. By lifting revolutionary imagery, McKay reminds the reader that America was not always a counter-revolutionary actor that served to oppress, a conservative place, but was the home of rebellion. The use of the word â€Å"bigness† implies not only sheer size and power, but also magnanimity. McKay finally offers a warning much like the warning offered by Ozymandias. â€Å"Darkly I gaze into the days ahead, /And see her might and granite wonders there, /Beneath the touch of Time's unerring hand, / Like priceless treasures sinking in the sand†. McKay predicts that the days ahead will be a time of decline, a warning that if America cannot provide a dream of justice, Time will strike it down. Thus, imagery, language, metaphor, symbolism, and references to culture makes the sonnet form that McKay uses pregnant with liberatory meaning. Langston Hughes was one of the most gifted poets of his generation and certainly stands the test of time among the great poets of any generation. Like many great poets, adversity and need shaped and channeled his writing: He was discussing poverty, racism, oppression, segregation, discrimination, dehumanization, and daily assaults on dignity and humanity, as well as hoping to provide a vision forward. His use of language was essential to combine all these tasks. â€Å"Harlem†, one of his most seminal poems, opens, â⠂¬Å"What happens to a dream deferred?† The poem is so short that every single stanza and word deserves careful attention and commentary. Hughes is using both

Nursing Theory Website Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Nursing Theory Website - Research Paper Example The fact that they provide links to other websites is also additional help in finding the most relevant information about the theory. The currency of the information from these websites dates 2012 and some 2011 but none of the information provided is more recent than 2012 which is still considered fairly current. The information provided in these websites about the theory is deducted from books, articles and journals and these references used are listed at the end of the theory discussion. Since these books, journals and articles are per reviewed and considered credible, then the information posted in these websites concerning the nursing theory and even other theories is also considered to be valid and reliable to be used in theoretical and practical work. Orem’s Self-Care theory is applicable in hospitals not education purposes. This is so because it aims to identify the needs of the patient through using different methods to assess the condition of the patient. After the identification, the same theory and its methods are used to attend and solve the problems the patient presents with according to their need after extensive evaluation of which outcome and treatment will be effective. The major advantage of this theory is the fact that the nurse and the patient get to interact while the nurse tries to evaluate the patient to find out the problem as well as during evaluation of the best treatment methods and the care being provided so far to the patient. It is helpful to first time nurses fresh from nursing school and who are yet to get correct the assessment and treatment. It provides guidelines as well as courage on how to interact with the patient medically. The theory is attractive because it has not been overused compared to other theories such as the Florence Nightingale’s theory. The lack of monotony and overuse of a theory leads to its appreciation as

Outline the arguments about the reliability Essay Example for Free

Outline the arguments about the reliability Essay Outline the arguments about the reliability of documentaries as ways of representing reality. Illustrate with reference to a range of documentary material. Documentaries aim to show information in a way that is most believable to a viewer. Realism is extremely important to a documentary and is often shown by; an authoritative presenter, the use of voice-over commentaries, recorded interviews, visual evidence via location shots or archive film, hand-held cameras and limited used of special effects. It is argued that documentaries are like plays, novels and poems the are fictional in form and have no measurable social ability whereas others argue that documentaries are the only type of genre that can really capture the spontaneity and immediacy of real life. As most viewers see a documentary as a serious programme, normally tackling a serious issue, they assume the programme will be factual and informative and this gives it certain credibility. Documentaries can appeal to a range of different audiences, as most of them are about certain topics. For example wildlife programmes would appeal to anyone with an interest in animals yet other under-cover documentaries such as The Whistle Blower can appeal to anyone who would watch documentaries. Most documentaries would require both an active and passive audience, this is because programmes such as The Whistle Blower would interest people who want to help sort out the security problems at the airport, yet other people would also watch it and not be able to do anything about it, although I think it would make them re-think about making a journey from that airport. With documentaries there are some limitations to assuming that what we see is actually real life this is because when documentaries are using like video diaries or surveillance cameras the participants can sometimes be aware of this and can act differently to how they would normally act if they didnt know the cameras were there, they could also show some biased opinions or exaggerate their actions, subconsciously or not. This suggests that documentaries with hidden/secret cameras may have more credibility as being real. This technique is shown in The Secret Policeman when they are trying to expose the way in which racism is dealt with in the police force. This document can be seen as biased as they are only really concentration on one side of the argument, they are telling viewers right from the start about police officers being suspended for racism and they are setting out to catch officers being racist, this gives the viewers a ready-made conclusion in their heads that they police force definitely are racist. This documentary does, however, represent reality to some extent because they use secret footage of the police officers and have filmed them talking in real-life locations such as pubs, clubs, in the street and whilst travelling in a car, which shows a normal world. Although many documentaries do portray certain features that question their representation of reality, other documentaries are clearly focused on showing things as close to the truth as possible. Feature documentaries such as one on animals and wildlife for example are well researched and their main aim is to simply inform the audiences rather that try to influence them in any way. Even though most documentaries try to portray as close to the truth as possible other motives behind the documentaries could suggest that they arent, in fact as reliable or close to reality as they could be.

Analysing The Effectiveness Of The Kyoto Protocol Politics Essay

Analysing The Effectiveness Of The Kyoto Protocol Politics Essay Environmental issues become global issues because the effect of the environmental problem goes beyond national boundaries. Thus, environmental issues are common concerns and every country has a responsibility to tackle the problem. One of the environmental problems is global warming. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 in order to mitigate the impact of greenhouse gas that can endanger human life. Principally, the Convention attempted to reduce the emissions that can trigger the gradual warming of the atmosphere. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in the Third Conference of the Parties as a legally binding treaty. In the Kyoto Protocol, the ratified countries have to commit to a target to reduce their emissions. By countries to reducing emissions in concert, it is expected that the issue of climate change and its impact on the earth can be addressed. After more than a decade, the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol as a global environmental regime to address climate change is still questioned. This essay argues that the Kyoto Protocol is not effective enough to tackle global warming. The argument will be based on the examination of two issues in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, the issue of participation will be discussed, especially the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR). Secondly, the issue of participation will be linked to the compliance issue in the Kyoto Protocol. In this section, this essay will look at the effectiveness of three mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol: emission trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). The Kyoto Protocol Environmental damage caused by pollution does not recognize national boundaries and has to be addressed by combined action of multiple states. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported the scientific findings about the actual threat to the earth were caused by the increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). GHG will cover the atmosphere and eventually block solar radiation. This will cause an increase of the earths temperature and result in climate change, such as unpredictable and extreme weather, floods, and storms. The scientific findings recommend to maintain the increase of temperature below 20C by limiting the concentration of CO2 on the atmosphere below 550 ppm (Baylis et al. 2008: 361). Notwithstanding keeping the increase of temperature below 20C, scientists believe that the climate change would still bring mostly negative effects to human life (Scott 2004: 271). These scientific findings force all nations to cooperate to mitigate climate change. The UNFCCC was established at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 as an international action to address climate change. The UNFCCC was non-binding agreement to encourage state parties to cut their gas emission. Then, the Third Conference of the Parties on December 11, 1997, successfully negotiated the Kyoto Protocol as the first binding international agreement to mitigate global warming by targeting emission reduction of states (Scott 2004: 273). The Kyoto Protocol was signed by most states, but the process of ratification was not easy. Article 24(1) of the Kyoto Protocol stated that the Protocol was opened for signature from 16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. According to Article 25(1) of the Kyoto Protocol, the Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. (Scott 2006: 637-638) The United States represents 36.1 per cent of Annex I emissions, Russia represents 17.4 per cent, and Japan, Australia, Canada and the rest of Annex I countries represent below 10 per cent. With that composition, the United States and the Russian Federation ratification became significant for the Kyoto Protocol to be enforced. Although the United States signed the Protocol it is opposed to bringing the Kyoto Protocol to the Senate for ratification. Consequently, the ratification of the Russian Federation became crucial to fulfil at least 55 per cent of the total emission of Annex I countries as stated in the article 25(1) (Doelle 2005: xv). The Russian Federation did ratify the Protocol and it was enforced on February 16, 2005. According to UNFCCC, there are 191 parties in the Kyoto Protocol and the total percentage of Annex I parties emissions is 63.7 per cent (UNFCCC). Participation The climate change issue is not only about emission reduction. The issue involves many other aspects, such as transportation, agriculture, and energy security. Thus, addressing climate change will eventually point to the structural inequalities in wealth, income and power between the North and the South (Gupta in Hisschemà ¶ller and Gupta 1999: 154). Encouraging participation from all developed and developing countries is one difficulty in creating an effective climate change regime. The basis for implementing the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR) is to encourage the cooperation of all states to promote effective action on global issue, such as climate change (Cullet 2003: 16). However, the application of the CDR principle has its own obstacles. As stated above, the reluctance of the United States to ratify the Kyoto Protocol refers to the minimum role of developing countries to the reduction of GHG emissions, particularly regarding the principle of CDR. Developing countries recognize two principles in environmental law: the common heritage of mankind (CHM) and the common but differentiated responsibility (CDR) between nations. CHM is the first principle used by developing countries to assert justice on resource exploitation. However, the CHM principle is less significant (Duff in Okereke 2008: 8) than the CDR principle in negotiating environmental law. Thus, this essay only discusses the CDR principle in the climate change regime. Common is to recognize that all states have the same environmental risks to face, but the responsibility to address the problems is differentiated among countries, particularly between developed and developing countries (Stone 2004: 277). According to Okereke, from the perspective of international law, the CDR principle has culpability and capability dimensions. The first dimension refers to history and emphasizes that most of the current environmental problems were caused by the development of the North, particularly in the era of industrialization. That dimension is closely related to the dimension of capability. Because of that development, developed countries are now more capable than developing countries, in term of technology and financial resources (Okereke 2008: 32). Thus, article 4 of the UNFCCC adopts the CDR principle to acknowledge that developed countries have more responsibilities and should take the lead in dealing with climate change. Making the environmental issue a global priority would distract developing countries from their development which could make them reluctant to join the Kyoto Protocol. The CDR principle resolves this issue because it bridges the notions of environmental protection and the need of development by the South, or developing countries (Najam 2005: 308). Therefore, the CDR principle has two implications in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, the Annex I countries in the Kyoto Protocol have commitments in reducing emissions while the developing countries are excused from the effort to reduce their emissions. Secondly, the developed countries are expected to provide technological and financial assistance to developing countries in order to meet the recommended amount of emission reduction and also to reduce the possible social and economic impacts on developing countries when they are fulfilling their voluntary commitment (Cullet 2003: 70-71). The implications of the CDR principle are demonstrated b y the provision of financial and technological assistance under the Kyoto Protocol. The application of the CDR principle into policy instruments of the Kyoto Protocol is challenging. The United States as the largest emitter in the world rejects those two implications of the CDR principle as stated above. This opposition is based on the view that although developed countries are the largest producers of GHG, new emerging economies, such as China, India, and Brazil, that also produce large amount of GHG emissions, should not be ignored. China, which is included in the grouping of developing countries, is the second largest which produce of GHG emissions (Harris 1999: 31). Therefore, the United States is of the view that the large developing countries should give the similar contributions as the Annex I countries to prevent the high increases of GHS emissions in the next decades (Scholtz 2008: 127). The unwillingness of the United States as the largest producer of GHG emissions, to ratify the Kyoto Protocol results in the Protocols lack of legitimacy. This is worsened by the reluctance of the developing countries to reduce their emissions before the developed countries show progress (Harris 1999: 33-34). Thus, the Kyoto Protocol will only be effective if all parties are willing to participate. This means the United States must agree to have a binding commitment for reducing its emissions and the developing countries should agree to have a voluntarily commitment to cut their increasing emissions (Scholtz 2008: 128). According to Downs, determinants for the regimes legitimacy are democratic decision-making, high consensus standard, and the degree of distributive fairness embodied in standards (Downs 2000: 27). The debate between developed and developing countries over the CDR principle shows that the climate change regime lacks consensus. In this case, it shows that developing cou ntries are distrustful of the Kyoto Protocol by believing that it is only aimed for the developed countries benefit (Downs 2000: 27). The lack of consensus will influence the issue of participation and compliance and at the end, the Kyoto Protocol will become ineffective as a binding treaty to solve global environmental problems. Compliance The issue of participation is closely related to the issue of compliance and both will influence the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol. When the highest sovereignty is the state, it is difficult to enforce international law. Scott argues that the lack of an international police force to enforce compliance makes international law is only politically effective (Scott 2004: 7). If the compliance mechanism in international law is effective, then on the one hand many countries will be willing to participate in the treaty. On the other hand, they would rather not participate in the treaty than breach their obligations (Vezirgiannidou 2009: 42). Becoming a non-compliant state will risk its image in the international community. In environmental law, particularly under the climate change regime, this essay would argue that lack of capacity and the idea of a free rider are the reasons for the issue of non-compliance in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, one possibility is that the states, mostly developing countries, intend to comply with the treaty, but they do not have enough resources and the capacity to fulfil the requirements. In this case of non-compliance, assistance would be needed rather than penalty to increase their compliance with the treaty (Young in Vezirgiannidou 2009: 43). Another possibility is that the states would prefer to spend their resources for other priorities, such as their basic needs, than for climate mitigation (Doelle 2005: 116). Thus, the principle of assistance is to support the fulfilment of basic needs and to open the chance for countries to get involved with international commitment to address climate change. Secondly, the free rider in climate change is also considered as a form of non-compliance. Free riding is when states are able to enjoy the benefits without contributing to the cost. Grundig et al. describe that in the climate context, a state could free ride by not reducing its GHG emissions, while others do so. That state still could enjoy the benefit from the decreased danger of climate change achieved by others efforts (Grundig et al. in Vezirgiannidou 2009: 49). Neo-liberal theorists view the free riding problem as important in enforcing international law. In this case, non-participation in the treaty is also included as free riding. The issue of free riding can be solved with the strong mechanism of the compliance process, such as effective and transparent review and reporting mechanisms. Unfortunately, the current punishment mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol is not strong enough to make the state parties comply with their obligations. The issue of compliance provided in article 3(1) of the Kyoto Protocol is the Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. (Scott 2006: 622) This article describes the obligation of Annex I countries to meet the emissions reduction. Countries could reduce emissions through several mechanisms, such as through national efforts or other mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol. According to UNFCCC, the mechanisms provided under the Kyoto Protocol are aimed to stimulate sustainable development through technology transfer and investment, help countries with Kyoto commitments to meet their targets by reducing emissions or removing carbon from the atmosphere in other countries in a cost-effective way, and encourage the private sector and developing countries to contribute to emission reduction efforts. (UNFCCC) The obligation of emissions reduction should be done through national measures. Emissions reduction is closely related to other policies, such as transportation, energy security, agriculture, economic activities, and also education and culture. There should be policy changes in those areas to assist reduction of climate change, but these should be applied carefully in order not to affect the economic growth and development of the states. The limitation in the use of fossil fuels energy has its own dilemmas. On the one hand, states should limit the use of fossil fuels to support the notion of environmental protection. On the other hand, the reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels will impact on supply and price. When developed countries limit themselves in their consumption of fossil fuels, the supply will increase and the price will decrease. This condition will trigger developing countries to consume fossil fuels. Here, environmental problems are not solved rather they are tran sferred from Annex I to non-Annex I countries (Baylis et al. 2008). Thus, this again reasserts the idea that environmental problems cannot be solved only by developed countries themselves without the participations of developing countries. To accelerate the progress in dealing with environmental problems and also to give flexibility to the state parties to fulfil their commitments, the Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms: emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). The first mechanism, emission trading, allows one Annex I country to sell its amount of permitted GHG emissions to another Annex I country that has emissions below the target in the Kyoto Protocol. Although the overall amount of emissions can be reduced, the trading itself still cannot be ensured to be transparent, low-cost, and efficient (Cameron 2002: 12). The second mechanism is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) that is provided under the article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. CDM is aimed to assist parties not included in Annex I to reduce GHG emissions and attempt to achieve the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol. By assisting the project, including transferring technology, to non-Annex I countries, Annex I countries will gain GHG credits or Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs). The CERs will raise the assigned amount stated in article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol. The developing countries will also get the benefit from project assistance or the transfer of technology (Cameron 2002: 11). The last mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol is Joint Implementation (JI). The CDM and JI mechanisms have the same principles. JI mechanism allows developed countries to gain CERs by financing projects in another developed country or an Annex I party. This happens when the same amount of money could give a greater result in emissions reduction in other develop ed countries that have more efficient power plants or projects, rather than spending the money in own country (Baylis et al. 2008: 362). There are some critical questions on the implementation of the CDM. The CDM will surely need the participation from developing countries in the Kyoto Protocol to receive financial and technological assistance. Domestic politics in developing countries mostly place the agenda of climate change lower than other issues, such as economic development and health policies. Moreover, the effective implementation of the CDM depends on the recipient countries. Problems such as poverty and minimal health care, weak institutions, and the transparency of aid might influence the success of the project. Thus, assistance could be effective only within certain conditions. From a long-term perspective, this essay argues that the bigger problem is that the CDM might only relocate industries from developed countries to developing countries in order to avoid restrictions by the Annex I countries (Cameron 2002: 13-14). Therefore, those mechanisms might be attractive for all parties to participate and work hard to implement the Kyoto Protocol, but the environmental problems will not eventually be solved and the objective of climate change will not be achieved. Conclusion The Kyoto Protocol aims to address gradual warming and to protect the environment for the future generations. Climate change is a common problem and needs participation from all countries. This essay examines the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol from two elements: participation and compliance. The issue of participation is examined by discussing the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR). The principle of CDR is meant to bridge the notions of environmental protection and development. By applying the principle of CDR in the Kyoto Protocol, the developing countries are willing to join in this climate change regime because this principle gives more attention to the developing countries. Firstly, the current environmental problems are related to the history of the era of industrialization which resulted in the developed countries. Secondly, the developing countries should be differentiated because they might not have the same capacity as developed countries, in te rms of finance and technology, to address the issue of climate change. However, in order to legitimize the Kyoto Protocol as a binding treaty, the new emerging economies, such as China, India, and Brazil, should be given more significant roles than other developing countries. This will also resolve the reluctance of the United States to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The issue of participation in order to make the Kyoto Protocol more effective are closely related to the issue of compliance. A state will not join a treaty if it will breach the treaty. The non-compliance of states in environmental law is mostly because of the lack of capacity to fulfil the commitments and the issue of free riding. The issue of free riding could be solved by implementing a stronger compliance mechanism in the treaty. The Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms to help a state to comply with the obligations, through its own national measures. Those three mechanisms are emission trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). Although those mechanisms provide flexibility to fulfil the commitments among the Annex I countries or between developed and developing countries, the negative impacts for the long-term still need to be addressed in order to make the Kyoto Protocol an effective environmental treaty. (3219 words)

The Significance of Women in the Imperial Family Essay -- Roman Histor

The Significance of Women in the Imperial Family During the time of the Roman Empire women were not allowed to play any part in the political life of the empire. However women were still able to influence powerful men and manipulate them to use their power for the wants of woman. The most powerful woman in the roman society was either the wife of a principate or the mother of one. Examples of influential woman in the imperial family include Livia Drusilla, Julia Agrippina and Octivia. The only woman that seemed to have a stable position with both power and security was the wife of the emperor. For example the Livia Drusilla (58 BC-29 AD), an influential consort of Augustus, who was depicted in imperial propaganda as the embodiment of womanliness and dedication, while her enemies believed her to be a ruthless seeker of power. Through the example of Livia it can be seen how influential a wife of a powerful man can be. Augustus married her when she was very young taking her away from her first husband Tiberius Nero. From then on, Augustus’ affection was fixed on her. They stayed together till the end, despite certain insecurity from not giving Augustus an heir. Livia was the most powerful woman of her time and Augustus appeared to have taken most of her advice. She sometimes accompanied him from Rome and always served as a trusted confidante and advisor. When a beloved great grandson of Augustus’ died (a son of Germanicus’), she saw to it that the child’s statue was placed in his private quarters, demonstrating power she did contain. However modestly she presented herself, Livia's life was showcased by Augustus from the first ... ...members.aol.com/zoticus/bathlib/nero.htm http://www.travel-italy.com/ct/agrippina.html http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Thread/116676 Books 1. Author: Bartman, Elizabeth. Title: Portraits of Livia : imaging the imperial woman in Augustan Rome / Elizabeth Bartman. Publisher: New York : Cambridge University Press, 1998. 2. Author: Barrett, Anthony, 1941- Title: Livia : first lady of Imperial Rome / Anthony A. Barrett. Publisher: New Haven : Yale University Press, c2002. 3. Author: Wood, Susan (Susan Elliott), 1951- Title: Imperial women : a study in public images, 40 B.C.-A.D. 68 / by Susan E. Wood. Publisher: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 1999. 4. Author: Barrett, Anthony A. Title: Agrippina : mother of Nero / Anthony A. Barrett. Publisher: London : Batsford, 1996.

Teacher Education :: essays papers

Teacher Education Today’s leaders are consistent with researching and finding new ways to make our education system more effective. In most states to become a teacher, you must have a bachelor’s degree from the institution you attended. There is no law stating as of now that you have to have a degree in the subject you want to teach. Any teacher who has a degree above a bachelor’s degree is then rewarded with a specific salary increase (How to Obtain, 2001). Some states require an internship, and many require different preliminary testing before you can become a certified teacher (Certification Requirements for, 1995). An important issue that has started to gain popularity is the issue of teachers learning new technology that is now available. There are many websites and companies dedicated to getting schools to gain advancement in technology. Most schools today are using the same tools that have been around since the beginning of time. There is no obligation for teachers right now to learn about technology and how it can improve student’s learning and academics (Hardin, 2000). We have been blessed to have the internet, and many new digital machines that can further learning. There are high hopes for the future of our schools to take advantage of this growth and use them regularly in the classroom. The generations of students today are growing up using the computer. It is appropriate and a must that teacher’s use the computer and internet in school. Not only does it provide so much information that is useful for a pupil’s education, but helps that person later in li fe. Eventually most things are going to be done over the internet and using digitally advanced tools, so children should have the use of them in schools (Schank, 2000). No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 On January 8th 2002, there was a law passed by President George W. Bush called the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The No Child Left Behind Act makes the minimum qualifications required by teachers. These qualifications are a bachelor’s degree, full state certification and demonstration of competency of the subject that will be taught. Each state has the liberty to choose what this certification includes according to its own needs. This law states that all 50 states must develop a plan to make sure that all teachers of core academic subjects are highly qualified for that position bye the end of the 2005-2006 school year (No Child Left, 2004, pp. Teacher Education :: essays papers Teacher Education Today’s leaders are consistent with researching and finding new ways to make our education system more effective. In most states to become a teacher, you must have a bachelor’s degree from the institution you attended. There is no law stating as of now that you have to have a degree in the subject you want to teach. Any teacher who has a degree above a bachelor’s degree is then rewarded with a specific salary increase (How to Obtain, 2001). Some states require an internship, and many require different preliminary testing before you can become a certified teacher (Certification Requirements for, 1995). An important issue that has started to gain popularity is the issue of teachers learning new technology that is now available. There are many websites and companies dedicated to getting schools to gain advancement in technology. Most schools today are using the same tools that have been around since the beginning of time. There is no obligation for teachers right now to learn about technology and how it can improve student’s learning and academics (Hardin, 2000). We have been blessed to have the internet, and many new digital machines that can further learning. There are high hopes for the future of our schools to take advantage of this growth and use them regularly in the classroom. The generations of students today are growing up using the computer. It is appropriate and a must that teacher’s use the computer and internet in school. Not only does it provide so much information that is useful for a pupil’s education, but helps that person later in li fe. Eventually most things are going to be done over the internet and using digitally advanced tools, so children should have the use of them in schools (Schank, 2000). No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 On January 8th 2002, there was a law passed by President George W. Bush called the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The No Child Left Behind Act makes the minimum qualifications required by teachers. These qualifications are a bachelor’s degree, full state certification and demonstration of competency of the subject that will be taught. Each state has the liberty to choose what this certification includes according to its own needs. This law states that all 50 states must develop a plan to make sure that all teachers of core academic subjects are highly qualified for that position bye the end of the 2005-2006 school year (No Child Left, 2004, pp.

Comparing Mothers in Mother to Son by Langston Hughes and GIRL by Jamaica Kincaid :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Mothers in Mother to Son by Langston Hughes and GIRL by Jamaica Kincaid In order to build a strong, grounded house a person must use brick and cement. A brick is used to build the house, but yet it is the cement that molds and keeps the house together and intact. A family encompasses the same basic rules and needs. The father is the provider for his family, sort of like the brick, but it is the mother who holds the responsibility of teaching right from wrong, and they are the ones who keep strong when everything else is going wrong. Now days there are many single-mother families and the father is non-existent. Therefore, a mother plays a very strong, dominant, and essential role in her family. Mothers always want their children to do right and most of all; want their daughters to be bright young women. In the poem "GIRL", by Jamaica Kincaid, a daughter is remembering all of the things her mother tried to advise her of. The girl in the poem is never given a name because the poem sort of symbolizes how all mothers are when their daughters are growing up. They try to teach them right from wrong. The mother recommends such things as, "don't squat down to play marbles-you are not a boy you know", "don't throw stones at blackbirds, because it might not be a blackbird at all", and, "on Sundays try to walk like a lady and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming". The mother is only trying to teach her daughter to carry herself in such a manner that is lady-like. In the end of the poem the mother suggests that the daughter, "always squeeze bread to make sure it's fresh". The daughter then replied, "but what if the baker won't let me feel the bread?" Her mother was in complete dismay by her daughter's response, "you mean to say that after all you are really going to be the kind of woman who the baker won't let near the bread?" Mothers feel that they do have a certain obligation to mold their children. The mother is frightened that after all she has taught her daughter she won't grow up to be a lady. The role of a mother is not only to distinguish to her children right from wrong, but are also there as a helping hand and guide.

Phy31 Lab

Lab 2 Physics 190 Acceleration â€Å"g† Due to Gravity – Method 2 Introduction Tonight we will measure the acceleration due to gravity again. This time however, we will collect more data and the analysis will be different. We will first fit the data using a second order polynomial. Recall for a mass falling from rest, that 1 (1. 1) y ? a yt 2 2 Suppose a mass falls through n successively greater displacements, each time starting from rest. The displacements can be expressed a 2 y? ? y t? ; ? 1 n ? . (1. 2) 2 Analyzing the Data Data for y? is not linear in time t?. We have two unique ways we can analyze the data.The first is to simply plot the data with vertical displacement on the y-axis and time on the x-axis and perform a 2nd order polynomial curve fit. We can then extract acceleration from the coefficient of the 2nd order term. The second method involves transforming the nonlinear data into a linear form by means of the logarithm from which we can extract accelerati on. We are going to use both methods because it demonstrates the power of mathematics as a data analysis tool. Fitting the Data to a 2nd Order Polynomial Free-fall data is shown in figure 1 and has the form y ? At2 ? Bt ? C (1. 3) Figure 1.Free-fall plot (dots) and 2nd order fit (solid line). If we fit ideal free-fall data to equation (1. 3) we should find that B = 0, C = 0, and A = ay/2. If you look at the polynomial fit equation embedded in figure 1 you will see BWhitecotton Page 1 of 7 Lab 2 Physics 190 that B = -10-13, C = -10-14, and A = -4. 905. So the data is not perfect but essentially both B and C are zero while A = -4. 0905. If you compare the polynomial equation to our kinematic equation†¦ y ? At 2 ? Bt ? C a y ? y t 2 ? vyit ? yi 2 †¦it becomes immediately evident that B corresponds to initial velocity, C the initial position, and A = ay/2.If dropped from rest, initial velocity and position are zero. This all boils down to the fact that fitting a second order p olynomial to free-fall data should provide the acceleration due to gravity directly. Simply plot displacement (yaxis) vs. time (x-axis) and use Excel, Vernier, calculator, or any tool that will perform a polynomial fit of order 2. Then ay = 2A which in the example above gives ay = 2(-4. 905) = -9. 81. Using the Logarithm to Linearize Data and Fit We begin with equation (1. 2), generalize and take absolute value ay m y? ? t? . 2 Vertical in figure Time Equation (1. 4) is plotted as data belowDisplacement vs2. 5 (1. 4) 20 |y(t)| (m) 15 10 5 0 0 0. 5 1 t (sec) 1. 5 2 2. 5 Figure 2. Absolute value of vertical displacement versus freefall time. Taking the log we obtain ? ay ? ?. log ? yn ? ? m log ? tn ? ? log ? ? 2 ? ? ? mXn Y n (1. 5) B Equation (1. 5) has the slope-intercept form of a line. Plotting the log of the data of figure 2, we obtain figure 3. The curve fits a straight line that has the form of Y = mX + B with m = 2. 0108 and B = 0. 6896. BWhitecotton Page 2 of 7 Lab 2 Physics 190 Linearized Data 1. 5 y = 2. 0108x + 0. 6896 R2 = 1 1 0. 5 Log( |y(t)| ) 0 -1. 2 -1 -0. 8 -0. 6 -0. 4 -0. 2 -0. 5 0 0. 2 0. 4 1 -1. 5 Log(t) Figure 2. Linearized data from figure 1 data above. Recalling that B = log(|ay|/2) = 0. 6896, we can solve for the acceleration ay. Inverting we get ay ? 100. 6896 2 ay ? 4. 893 . 2 a y ? 9. 787 Recall that our lab is at latitude ? = 32. 745 °. Therefore the acceleration due to gravity in our lab should have magnitude g? ? 9. 795 . Computing experimental error we find ?a y ? g? g? ? ? 100% ? ?9. 787 ? 9. 795? ?100% ? ?0. 0863% . 9. 795 This is quite respectable but also uncharacteristically low for experiments in our lab. This experiment, if carefully done, can yield 1% error. BWhitecottonPage 3 of 7 Lab 2 Procedure Physics 190 Set up the apparatus as we did last week. See figure 3 below for typical arrangement – this should look familiar. Spherical mass to= 0 s Digital Timer 0. 013s tf = t Figure 3. Setup for the free-fall experim ent. You must complete 3 trials for each of 10 height settings. Use Table 1 to record data. Common Steps ? Set up the apparatus. ? ? Set the ball clamp to the first height y1 = 0. 53 m. ? Place the ball in the mount and measure the exact vertical displacement from the bottom of the ball to the compressed target mat. Please be sure to measure the displacement each time! Record the magnitude of y1 in Table 1 as your first of 3 trials. ? Make sure the timer is set in the correct mode and reset to zero. ? Release the ball and record the time of freefall in Table 1 as well. ? Repeat this procedure until columns |y? | and t? of Table 1 are complete. Polynomial Fit Steps ? Compute the means and record y? and t? of Table 1. ? ? Using your analysis tool of choice, plot y? vs. t? and label the axes appropriately. Fit a 2nd order polynomial to the mean data and instruct the tool to display the fit equation and the R2 value. You may need to omit a few of the lowest values if they are excessive outliers due to ? measurement uncertainty. This is legitimate when we understand equipment limitations. BWhitecotton Page 4 of 7 Lab 2 Physics 190 ? Compute ay from the 2nd order term: ay = _____________ m/s2. Show work here Log Method Steps ? Next, take log (use base 10) of y? and t? and complete the last two columns ? ? of table 1. Plot log( y? ) vs. log( t? ) and once again label the axes appropriately. Fit a 1st order polynomial (linear regression) to the data and instruct the tool to display the fit equation and the R2 value. You may need to omit a few of the lowest values if they are excessive outliers due to ? measurement uncertainty. This is legitimate when we understand equipment limitations. Obtain the y-intercept term B = log(ay/2). Compute ay from the y-intercept: ay = _____________ m/s2. ? ? Show work here Error Analysis Compute percent error for ay with respect to g? in the cases of the Polynomial Fit Method and the Logarithm Linearization Fit Method. Lastly compute th e percent difference between the acceleration values determined from these methods. Questions 1. What are sources of error in this lab? 2. Why is it necessary to use the absolute value of the displacements when computing the log values? . Which of these methods gave the best results and why do you think that is? 4. What does the R2 value indicate when curve fitting to data? BWhitecotton Page 5 of 7 Lab 2 Formal Lab Report Physics 190 I want you to write a formal report on this lab. Follow the guidelines described in the formal report document available on my Cuyamaca homepage. Your focus should be on tabulation of data and the analysis (plotting of both raw and linearized data) including error analysis. Your final results should be emphasized and any error(s) discussed with thoughtful insight.I want original work from each student with name and group name on the first page. Due ____________________ Logarithm Refresher Recall that the logarithm of an argument returns the exponent tha t operated on a base producing the argument. I know it sounds confusing. Let’s take a look. Suppose I had the number 1000. Well, 1000 is the same as 10 3. Here, 10 is the base and 3 is the exponent. If I operate on the value 1000 with the base-10 logarithm (denoted log10) like so, log10(1000), I obtain the result 3 which is the exponent that would operate on base-10 to produce 1000.The operation can be expressed log10 ? 1000 ? ? log10 103 ? 3 ? ? There are many rules for using the logarithm. A few important ones for us are shown in the following examples†¦ log ? k ? r ? ? log( k ) ? log(r ) ? d? log ? ? ? log(d ) ? log(b) . ?b? log c7 ? 7 log(c ) ? ? (See me or refer to the appendix in the back of the text if you need more help on logarithms) BWhitecotton Page 6 of 7 Lab 2 Table 1. Raw and processed data. Setup : Positions 1: Set y ? 0. 53 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 2: Set y ? 0. 66 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 3: Set y ? 0. 9 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 4: Set y ? 0. 92 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 5: Set y ? 1. 05 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 6: Set y ? 1. 18 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 7: Set y ? 1. 31 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 8: Set y ? 1. 44 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 9: Set y ? 1. 57 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean 10: Set y ? 1. 70 m trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean Physics 190 Raw Data Polynomial Logarithm log( y? t? y? t? y? ) log( t? ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Use this table for data collection but make your own table in your report! BWhitecotton Page 7 of 7

Law & Ethics Essay

BB General Partnership Dracca is able to seek recover from Silva Gray individually on the judgment for BB partnership because the partnership has not been incorporated. In a general partnership each individual can be sued for the full amount of the business debt. The partners cannot have personal interest within the partnership (Bagley & Savage, 2009 p. 729). If one partner incurs all of the debt, they can then sue the other partners for their parts of the debt. Within a Limited Liability Partnership these three items would differ from the general partnership. 1. Limited partners do not play an active role in the business 2. Limited partners are not personally liable 3. Limited partners face slightly different tax rules (NOLO) BB is not a formalized company under the laws of corporation and taxation, so in turn each individual can be held liable for the debt legally. However, Dracca should not have gone after Ms. Grey solely on a tip of her wealth. Business Judgment Rule The Business Judgment Rule states that as long as the board members have acted in good faith and meet the basic standards, there should not be a fear of prosecution when making decisions (Bagley & Savage, 2009 p. 801). To insure that the board of directors did not fault their duty of care and the Business Judgment Rule several items must be analyzed. 1. â€Å"Were the directors interested in the transaction?2. Did the directors act in good faith? 3. Did the directors act in a manner that cannot be attributed to a rational purpose? 4. Did the directors reach the decision by a negligent process?† (Bagley & Savage, 2009 p.801). The board must also consider their duty of care and duty of loyalty. Duty of care requires people involved in the company to make informed and reasonable decisions for the business. Duty of loyalty requires employees to act in good faith and in good interest of the company (Bagley & Savage, 2009 p. 799). In the case of Dracca vs. BB, the board did not act in good duty of care, duty of loyalty or use the Business Judgment Rule appropriately. The overall concept to obtain the debt from BB was an action of duty or care and loyalty to the company. However, the way the board of directors went about the retrieval of the debt was not the best method. By pursuing Ms. Gray off a ‘tip’ the fund backfired and the company incurred a lot of fees that might not of occurred if the pursue was planned correctly. The process of pursuing the money was neglected, fault number three in the Business Judgment rule. Employment Discrimination The accounting manager for Dracca overseeing the BB account, Martin Long had his pay and responsibilities decreased by Accounting Director Mary Smith. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was developed to help employees against discrimination of age, sex, race, gender, national origin, disability, and religion (Bagley & Savage, 2009 p.466). In Martin Long’s case he left the company because Ms. Smith’s visual and vocal opinions. The opinions turned into harassment and eventually Long left the Firm. By vocalizing and placing visual signs Ms. Smith was creating a harsh work environment for employees. Long will be able to sue Dracca for employment discrimination and argue constructive discharge because there must be evidence of unpleasant working condition that it forces the employee to resign and the employer has not taken care of the complaint within 15 days of being informed of the issues. The harassment must be worse than Title VII (Runkel, n.d.). Dracca is responsible for Ms. Smith’s actions/discrimination against Long. Kate was fired after reporting to the EEOC the harassment from Ms. Smith. Kate should not of been fired for reporting the discrimination. Due to Dracca’s action upon firing Kate, the company seems to approve of Ms. Smith’s actions. The EEOC Compliance Manual states that the person filing the complaint is â€Å"protected against retaliation by a respondent for participating in the statutory complaint proceedings even if that complaint involved a different covered entity† (Igasaki, 1998). From the EEOC, Dracca would be held liable for Hernandez’s actions within the court system. Hernandez violated the EEOC Title VII discriminatory actions. The Title VII makes two theories clear to businesses. 1. The theory of disparate treatment and 2. The theory of disparate impact. Disparate treatment means that the plaintiff has to prove that the employer intentionally discriminated against him/her denying a benefit of employment (Bagley & Savage, 2009 p.471). Disparate impact is when employers make employment decisions based on selection, making employers complete test and evaluations. BFOQ stands for Bona Fide Occupational that an employer must prove that the type of person is not able to perform the job position. In this case, women with children were hired in order to sell the product. Dracca would have to prove that men were not able to perform the job. The BFOQ cannot be used as a defense when there is a preferred gender within the company. The following also apply. Usually BFOQ is not based on color and gender will not qualify when the 1. â€Å"Assumptions of the comparative employment characteristics of women in general, 2. Stereotyped characteristics of the sexes, and 3. The preferences of coworkers, employers or customers for one gender or the other (Bagley & Savage, 2009 p. 485). Conclusion After reviewing the case, I recommend the following 1. Dracca hire new board members with a focus on the business, and not a focus on money. The Board of Directors should be compiled of people that are business savvy and care about the firm and about the financials in a legal and ethical manner. By the Board leaning on a tip and not fact, the business incurred a lot of debt that could have been spent somewhere else within the firm. 2. Dracca should have a firmer hiring process where the prospects are asked to observe and manage for a day, or write out a list of goals, or how to hire people for certain positions. This could show some speculation to discrimination. Also, Dracca should be stricter on company policy regarding religion, politics, and harassment. If need be the company can have classes on what is and is not harassment within the workplace. In this case, it seems that Dracca turned a blind eye on Mr. Long. References Bagley, Savage (2009 Feb. 5). Managers and the Legal Environment: Strategies for the 21st Century, Retrieved from: http://online.vitalsource.com/books/1111439885/S3.2/25 Igasaki, P., (1998), The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, EEOC Directives Transmittal, Retrieved from: http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/retal.htm Runkel, R. (n.d.), Constructive Discharge #9, Law Memo: First in Employment Law. Retrieved from: http://www.lawmemo.com/101/2005/12/constructive_di.html

Globalizing the Cost of Capital and Capital Budgeting at AES Essay

Question 1 Explain and comment on the capital budgeting method used historically by AES. Is there a need for change? Explain. Question 2 If Venerus implements the suggested methodology, what will be the adjusted discount rate for the Red Oak project (USA) and the Lal Plr project (Pakistan)? Question 3 Calculate the effect that a revision of its cost of capital will have on the Lal Plr project’s NPV. Comment on the results. Q.1 At the AES corporation capital budgeting was historically a very simple method, that was used for all projects being examined, regardless of geographical location. This method entailed 4 rules which were: all recourse debt was deemed good, the economics of a given project were evaluated at an equity discount rate for the dividends from the project, all dividend flows were considered equally risky, and a 12% discount rate was used for all projects. This method worked flawlessly when implemented in the U.S., but when it began being applied to international projects, it was giving the company unrealistic NPV values. While some concern existed, having no alternative, they continued to use the original method. By failing to take into account increased WACC, currency risk, political risk, and sovereign risk, the company had developed projects that began failing in the early 2000’s. The mistake by the company destroyed its stock price and market capitalization, losing millions of stockholders equity in the process. The debt structure caused significant currency risk for both the parent AES and its subsidiaries. As shown in exhibit 6, debt was denominated in USD for the subsidiaries, while they were bringing in revenues in foreign currencies. The parent companies also lost cash flows when depreciation occurred since the money made by subsidiaries was worth substantially less, after devaluations of foreign currencies. One such example is the Argentinean peso, when it lost 40% of its value on its first day of trading as a float. With such enormous oversights by management, and dramatic realizations of differing risk levels across markets, it’s quite apparent AES must make a change to its capital budgeting structure, if it is to survive. Q.2 If Venerus and AES implement the suggested methodology, the projects would change drastically due to a change in WACC. To find WACC we must first calculate the leveraged betas for each the US Red Oak and Lal Plr Pakistan projects, the equation unleveled beta/1-(debt to capital) will be used. The unleveled beta can be found in exhibit 7b, and is .25 for both projects. The debt to capital ratios can be found in exhibit 7a, for the U.S. it is 39.5%, and for Pakistan it is 35.1%. By plugging the numbers into the equation a leveraged beta can be found for the U.S. it is .41, and for Pakistan it is .3852. The next step would be to find the cost of capital which is ultimately different for each country, but uses the U.S. risk free and risk premium rates, because all debt is financed in USD. The cost of capital is equal to U.S. T-bill+ leveraged beta (U.S. risk premium). For the U.S. project it is 4.5%+.41(7%) which is equal to 7.37%. For the Pakistan project it is 4.5%+.3852(7%) which is equal to 7.2%. Now the cost of debt must be found, by using the formula U.S. t-bill+ default spread. Both the U.S. and Pakistan projects have equal spreads of 3.47%, therefore both yield the same cost of debt. Plugging in the numbers you have, 4.5%+3.47% which is equal to 8.07%. This clearly does not make sense given the vast differences in the markets structure of each country, the political risk involved. To adjust for these factors the sovereign risk must be taken into account, which can be found in exhibit 7a. The sovereign risk for the U.S. is as expected 0%, but for Pakistan is a staggering 9.9%. To reevaluate the cost of capital and cost of debt the sovereign risk is added to them. This results in the U.S.’s being constant and Pakistan’s cost of capital rising to 17.1% and its cost of debt rising to 17.97%. Finally with everything else calculated it’s possible to calculate the WACC, using the formula given on page 7. It consists of leveraged beta (cost of capital) + Debt to capital (cost of debt) (1-tax rate). For the U.S. WACC= 6.48%, and for Pakistan WACC= 15.93%. (Equation with numbers shown on attached page) The final step is to again further adjust the WACC according to its risk score, found on page 9 and exhibit 7a. Using the summation of the scores multiplied by the given weights the risk score is calculated. (Shown on page 9 of the case). The U.S. risk score is assumed to be 0, since everything is in USD and the U.S. projects WACC is already accounting for the risk. The Pakistan risk premium is calculated to be 1.425, and with each point equaling 500 basis points, 1.425*500= 705bp= 7.05%. This number is directly tacked onto the existing Pakistan WACC to come out with 15.96%+7.05%= 23%, which is the final WACC calculation for the project. By taking into many more factors than previous models allowed it is clear that the WACC for both the U.S. and Pakistan projects greatly differ from the 12% standard used historically. The U.S. project suddenly looks much more favorable, while the Pakistan project is unlikely to be accepted with such a high weighted average cost of capital attached to it. Q.3 Using the cash flows given in exhibit 12 it is possible to calculate the NPV for the projects, and change the cost of capital in the Pakistan project to explore the effects. Using excel to calculate the cash flows (shown on separate sheet) at the original 12% discount rate, the 23.1% for Pakistan, and 6.45% for the U.S. it is easy to compare the differences in NPV. The original 12% discount would yield a NPV of $505.51 million, the Pakistan 23.1% discount rate would yield a $290.83 million NPV, and the 6.45% U.S. discount rate would yield a $744.08 million NPV. It is quite apparent that the Pakistan project’s NPV suffers greatly from its high WACC, coming in $214 million less than with historical model, and $453 million less than with the U.S. discount rate. With such low NPV coming from the Lal Plr project its value could be reached by the U.S. project within about 6 years. This is like saying that due to such risky factors, including political risk, it is unreasonable to assume that the project would operate longer than 6 years in Pakistan before it’s unable to continue, unable to receive any further cash flows, and unable to reclaim assets. Due to such high discounting, and implied risk, it is probably not in the company’s best interest to pursue projects in Pakistan, and to look for projects with less risk and lower WACC’s.

Interview a Healthcare Leader Essay

My background and role in the interview was to determine what it takes to be an effective leader. The central issue to understand before conducting an interview with any subject is to ask oneself these following questions. They include, who is this subject? What does he or she do? How does he or she work and what makes them who they are? Asking these questions also are important when one is conducting an interview with a leader of a health care setting or an organization. I as a restorative coordinator in a health care setting wanted to conduct an interview with a health care leader to understand what their role is in the daily operations of a health institution. I had some objectives, and they included, to find someone who had a hand in various projects within a health organization, a person involved with quality improvements, a person who implements ideas and a person who is involved with evaluating different health outcomes. I also wanted to interview a person who had enough staff members working under them. After considering these objectives, I made a decision to interview the director of nursing (DON) in my place of employment. This is a lady responsible for most of the clinical operations that occur on a daily basis in the health care institution. As I conducted the interview, I wanted to find out her personal philosophy of leadership, and her professional interactions with staff members including doctors, other health care managers, staff members and other auxiliary personnel involved in the health care institution. The director of nursing leadership style and some of the major financial, ethical, clinical, administrative and personal challenges involved with leadership would be discussed. Finally, the DON’s mentor if any as she aspired to become a leader and her advice to me to become an effective leader would also be discussed throughout this paper. Who is a leader? After an informal introduction of the reasons why I wanted to conduct an interview with her as the director of nursing, I asked the number one question, â€Å"Who is a leader†? She stated and I paraphrase â€Å"a leader is basically a person that does everything. According to Sullivan and Decker (2009), â€Å"a leader is a person that uses interpersonal skills to influence others while trying to accomplish a specific goal through means of flexible repertoire of personal behaviors and strategies† (p. 45). A healthcare leader is a person in the health care profession with or without a specific job title, and uses that role as a leader to affect change through various means. I waited for the DON to provide more detailed response of a leader, she stated, â€Å"well follow me around for a day and see what I do and this would give you an idea of what a leader does†. Those statements by the DON lead me to finding out about the important qualities and characteristics of a leader. Important qualities or characteristics of a leader. I began my day of following the director of nursing, by observing a morning meeting that she leads on a daily basis called â€Å"Stand-up†. She invites heads of different department to give a daily report of the previous day’s operations. During this morning stand-up meeting, I observed some qualities that I think make a person an effective leader. First, listening to other peoples’ ideas and providing suggestions on how to improve patients’ care and outcomes is a hallmark of an effective leader. From observation, I was able to see firsthand how the DON listened to different people in the meeting. Expectation of feedback from staff members is another characteristic of an effective leader. During the meeting, the DON requested feedback from staff members whenever an idea was brought up. She offered her opinion and requested other peoples’ opinions on different topics. For instance, an idea was brought up during the meeting on how to decrease the number of falls among dementia patients. The DON requested every concerned department to provide a proposal on how to accomplish that task. She also set a deadline for the proposals for the following day. Other qualities of a leader include finding ways to affect change. Some of the ways include, introduction of ideas, creation of new policies and procedures, helps with changing existing policies and helps with implementation and evaluation of outcomes in a health care setting (Collinson, 2006). Personal philosophy of leadership. Leadership is viewed by people in different ways. A person’s idea of what makes a great leader may be different from others. So the next question I asked the DON was what her views were of leadership in healthcare and what roles leaders play in making sure that tasks are completed effectively, institution policies and procedures are followed. The DON proceeded to discuss her leadership style. She stated that she does not believe in using only one leadership style because every situation is different. The director of nursing provided me with examples of when she uses different leadership style. For example, she usually uses a democratic leadership style whenever she wants other staff members to have an active role in task completion. She uses transformational leadership style when issues are more complex and needs more inclusion of inspiration from a leader. For example, if an issue of an ethical nature comes up, transformational leadership style is used. She also stated that her leadership views are evolving because she sometimes makes mistakes when dealing with staff members. Learning experiences in her personal development as a leader. The director of nursing’s learning experiences over the years as she became a leader in health care included mistakes she made over financial and personnel issues. One of her most poignant one was that she mistakenly fired a staff member as a result of someone else’s lies. She did not conduct a thorough investigation over the issue before she fired the staff member. As a result the health institution was sued for illegal termination. The case was settled, but she was taught a lesson of how to conduct a detailed investigation of issues before taking actions. How leadership in Nursing is evolving today. Leadership in nursing today requires extensive educational background. In previous years, a registered nurse who has practiced for a long time can become a manager on a unit and even head a whole department. In recent times, the more education a nurse has, the more important he or she becomes. Not to say that it is a bad thing, but sometimes experience trumps education. The DON I interviewed is a master’s graduated nurse of three years. She stated that she wished that she had more experience before taking over a leadership position because it was a steep learning curve for her. Challenges in her current position. Some of the challenges involved with being a leader described by the director of nursing include dealing with different egos in the workplace. She stated that one of her pet peeves in this position is that no matter how much she tries to act cordially toward some people in the work place, some staff members just want to make everything difficult for her to manage. Other challenges include trying to get staff members to adhere to rules and regulations of the health institution. Some staff members as the DON stated find it difficult to follow instructions, so her challenge is to come up or elicit ideas from people on how to make staff members adhere to the policies established. The DON’s mentor and her advice for someone aspiring to be a healthcare leader. As the director of nursing described during the interview, her mentor was the previous director of nursing in the same health institution before she retired. She learned various leadership techniques and strategies from the previous DON. She learned how to communicate with staff members and how to encourage others people to work together as a team. In terms of her advice to me as someone aspiring to be a leader in healthcare, she stated that, I should make sure to act with integrity in everything I do as it pertains to my job description. Her reason for this is that, staff members respect and work for any leader or manager who acts in an honest way. She also stated that I should treat everyone in an equal footing because perception is often times reality for staff members who may think that some staff members are treated differently from others. Conclusion Conducting an interview with a healthcare leader was a learning experience for me because of all the renewed understanding of what it takes to be a leader. â€Å"Leadership encompasses a holistic focus on shared processes, structures, and culture† (Hanson, & Ford, 2011, p. 284). I came to understand that being a leader can be rewarding as well as a difficult challenge for people. I also learned that being a leader is not for everyone, because of the physical, psychological, social, and intellectual requirements that are expected from a health care leader.

Summary about the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary about the article - Essay Example The article also points out the need to promote Native American identity through education, cultural activities, tribal practices and tribal enculturation. The researchers have taken special care to ensure validity and reliability in their study through well-designed survey procedure. Out of the 1,265 completed surveys the researchers eliminate all those participants who fail to meet the selection criteria for the study. Therefore, the current study is limited to 945 participants of whom 529 are females and 416 males. The dependant variable of ethnic identity is measured making use of the 12-item Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) whereas participation in cultural activities is assessed through exploratory factor analysis. The associations between participation in cultural activities and ethnic identity are examined through linear regression. The results of the study show how cultural activities play a pivotal role in moulding ethnic identity among Native American youth. Participants who engage in pow-wows, sweat lodge, drum group or roundhouse dance report higher levels of Native American ethnic identity. Similarly urban youth demonstrate greater levels of ethnic identity than reservation youth. Among female participants the researchers find a significant association between having higher grades and Native American identity and the article emphasises the need to â€Å"find ways to sustain strong ethnic identity† among native Americans (Schweigman, Soto, Wright & Unger, 2011, p. 347). However, one needs to take into account the limitations of the study as well. The results of the study cannot be applied to the general Native American population in California as the sample is cross-sectional and not randomly selected to represent either urban or reservation population. Similarly, one can never undermine the possibi lity of biased information as the survey

Research Proposal (Advertising & Censorship) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

(Advertising & Censorship) - Research Proposal Example With the use of other strategies, advertisements help in building brand image for companies, meaning that clients can easily identify specific companies with specific products and services. In Honk Kong, the need for producers and service providers to be competitive is no different from what exists in other parts of the world as companies are constantly opened up to local and international competition (quote). As noted in the background, competitiveness among companies in Hong Kong is now an important determinant of success for various business operatives. Even though this is a situation that happens with almost every other company, quote (year) singled out the food and alcohol industry and said that these are faced with even stiffer need to be competitive as the industry is regarded as both important and exposed to perfect competition. On a daily basis, new food, beverage and alcohol companies spring up in Hong Kong in different sizes. As noted in the background, most of these companies resort to the use of advertisement to make their presence known to the public. The problem with advertisement from some of these companies however has to do with the consent of their products and the content of their advertisement. Even though even though alcoholic and unhealthy food are not prohibited in Hong Kong, quote (year) laments about how the content of advertisements are not made to reflect the t rue content of products but only to emphasise on persuading clients. In the light of the identified problem above, the proposed study will be carried out with the purpose of comparing alcohol and unhealthy food product in Hong Kong to the United Kingdom (U.K.). This means that the U.K’s model of advertisement and censorship on alcohol and unhealthy food is used as a model to test the rate of acceptability with what prevails in Hong Kong. U.K is selected as the model due to popularity of its advertisement regulations in literature and how

Germany- The Land of Castles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Germany- The Land of Castles - Research Paper Example Merten (1999) describes the burg as being the â€Å"beginning of German palace architecture† (Merten, 1999, p. 16). This paper will explain the architecture of different burgs in schlosses in Germany, and these descriptions will be broken down by region. The Burgs and Schlosses of Germany An example of the burg is the Slav fortress of Schwerin, which was built in the tenth century on the lake of Schwerin and burned down in 1160, and rebuilt in the 1300s. This structure has the Gothic style of a a castle, with slender towers, golden cupola, high slate roofs, gables and dormer windows. This is the region of Mecklenburg, as is Gustrow, which is an example of a schloss. The Italian influence can be seen on the Gustrow, which was built in the 1500s, with squared stones, towers and oriel windows which are united by stringcourse which run around the castle. Ludwigslust is also in Mecklenburg, and this was also an example of the burg, as it was built for Christian Ludwig II. This pala ce has a great Elbe sandstone facade, a towering central section, a steeply rising pavilion which contains the state rooms, and this pavilion provides a break in the building’s horizontal line. ... One example of this is the Postdam Neues Palais. Blandenburg-Prussia also has the Rheinsberg, which more closely resembles a castle, in that it has cupolas, and many wings. It has two corner pavilions and is described as being rococo style. Prussia also ahas the Potsdam Charlottenhof, which is also a burg, in that it was built for a king in the 1700s. This palace has grecian columns and resembles the Parthenon in Greece, as it has a pediment above the columns and the building is rectangular. Anhalt has the Worlitz, which was built in the 1700s as a burg. This is described as being influenced by English architecture, with its clean lines and rectangular shape, and a dome rising above the main building. It resembles an English country house. Saxony has the Meissen Albrechtsburg, which more closely resembles Gothic architecture and, since it was built as a fortress in 929, would be considered to be a schloss. This building has high cathedral towers which come to a Gothic point. It also emphasizes vertical aspects, because the stories are uniform in height, there are large windows on every side and there are circular stair-towers. Saxony also has the Moritzburg, which is also grand, but was built as a burg in the 1500s. This building has several round corner towers with bulbous cupolas which form a square, in which there was a house in the middle of this square. It also has high-stepped gables. This was built like a schloss, in that it looks like a fort, but the towers were not used for defensive purposes. Saxony also boasts the Dresden Zwinger. This was built in the 1600s as palace for a king, so this was an example of a burg. This building alternates

Nuclear Attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nuclear Attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Essay Example ions like Vietnam, coastal China and in its efforts to increase its oil reserves, after the boycott of oil supply by America, its attacks and subsequent accession to Indonesia, considerably expanded its territorial rights over a large area in Pacific Ocean. This aggressive behaviour further escalated the tension between Japan and the Allied forces specially America and Britain. The war between the two intensified, leading to bloodiest attacks of Pearl Harbour by Japanese forces and invasion of Okinawa by US forces. Even though, the allied forces regained territories and reduced the Japanese influence in the Pacific, they were unable to overpower the might of Japanese forces. Hence, after the fall of Mussolini of Italy and Hitler of Germany, Japan became the sole target of the allied forces. The decision to bomb the two cities had mainly two objectives. The foremost being, to establish the superiority of the American forces and the second was to experiment the atomic bomb which was re cently developed by the American scientists. ‘..for Americans, the dominant story is that the bombs provided an appropriate and necessary conclusion to a just war; for Japanese, it is a symbol of their victimization’ (Selden, 97). Hiroshima was the headquarters of the Japanese army and one of the most advanced cities of Japan. It therefore became the first target of the nuclear attack by America. American President, Harry S. Truman, deliberately targeted Hiroshima because the devastation of the city and killing of a large part of the population, would, according to the American President, convincingly show the repercussions of the Japanese refusal for an amicable peace treaty. The detonation of ‘Little Man’ (name of the nuclear bomb that was dropped) on Hiroshima on 6th August 1945, became a reality and created unprecedented holocaust, ever recorded in the history of mankind. It killed more than 90,0002 people, maimed and injured grievously more than 30,0003 and genetically

Business Environments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Environments - Assignment Example Whether for-profit or non-profit, organisations embody a very diverse and rich assortment of strategic goals that are designed around a collective objective. Organisations must meet the needs of very diverse and dynamic stakeholders whilst also taking into consideration the economic policies in the region where the organisation operates, consider existing market forces that influence decision-making, and also take into account the potential cultural aspects of important stakeholders if the organisation is to have successful outputs and outcomes. The report explores a broader definition of organisations, their role in satisfying diverse stakeholders, and the market environment that influences organisational decision-making whether for-profit or non-profit. Identifying the purpose of organisations There are many different varieties of organisations, including corporations, non-profits, cooperatives, partnerships and governments. Organisations embody a very rich assortment of goals and visions, either set-up to service the needs of diverse international stakeholders, provide a valuable product or service that enhances the welfare of consumers, elicit some form of political or social change, or improve the social welfare of stakeholders linked to the mission of the organisation. Organisations require leadership and oversight in order to ensure compliance to regulatory frameworks both domestic and international and â€Å"have the ability to call upon a common heritage of committee structures or formal meetings† (Smith 2010, p.2) to ensure the organisation is meeting its long-term goals and purpose (mission). One example of this can be found with the UK-based non-profit, the Centre for Better Health, which provides well-being to consumers through counselling services and assists individuals in the London region to better develop their employability skills. This organisation is considered a social enterprise, whereby its purpose is to provide enhanced lifestyle and health promotion to stakeholders in the region. Consisting of 20 different staff members and 50 volunteers, the Centre for Better Health elicits change in social welfare for stakeholders as aligned with its mission and vision. Yet another example of how organisations meet their purpose and satisfy social welfare improvements is the UK company Marks & Spencer, a retail organisation providing valuable products that enhance lifestyle for consumer segments. The company’s mission statement drives the majority of their business practices, aligning corporate ideology with consumer social welfare improvements. The mission statement is to provide aspirational quality that can be accessible for all consumer segments, whilst maintaining a vision of being the standard by which all other retailers are judged. Marks and Spencer maintains a very dedicated focus toward providing corporate social responsibility which again serves their purpose of enhancing social welfare. Marks and Spenc er is an ideal example of how an organisation develops systems, best practices, and labour relationships to provide a social good to society. Meeting the objectives of stakeholders The external market environment, with most organisations, dictates internal policies and the necessary organisational structure required to be adaptable to these changing conditions. Contingency theory informs organisational leadership that in order to remain relevant and